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Samuel Hartli(e)b (ca. 1600 – 10 March 1662)〔(The Galileo Project )〕 was a German-British polymath. An active promoter and expert writer in many fields, he was interested in science, medicine, agriculture, politics, and education. He settled in England, where he married and died. He was a contemporary of Robert Boyle whom he knew well, and a neighbour of Samuel Pepys in Axe Yard, London in the early 1660s. Hartlib is often described as an "intelligencer", and indeed has been called "the Great Intelligencer of Europe".〔Arved Hübler, Peter Linde, John W. T. Smith. ''Electronic Publishing '01: 2001 in the Digital Publishing Odyssey''. IOS Press. 2001. ISBN 1-58603-191-0〕 His main aim in life was to further knowledge and so he kept in touch with a vast array of contacts, from high philosophers to gentleman farmers. He maintained a voluminous correspondence and much of this has survived, having been lost entirely from 1667 to 1945;〔Hugh Trevor-Roper, ''From Counter-Reformation to Glorious Revolution'' (1992), p. 227.〕 it is housed in a special Hartlib collection at the University of Sheffield in England. He became one of the best-connected intellectual figures of the Commonwealth era, and was responsible for patents, spreading information and fostering learning. He circulated designs for calculators, double-writing instruments, seed-machines and siege engines. His letters, in German and English, have been the subject of close modern scholarship. Hartlib set out with the universalist goal "to record all human knowledge and to make it universally available for the education of all mankind".〔(The Hartlib Papers Project – University of Sheffield )〕 His work has been compared to modern internet search engines.〔(Eine Vorgeschichte der Internet-Suchmaschine )〕 ==Life== Hartlib was born in Elbląg (Elbing), Poland. His mother was the daughter of a rich English merchant at Danzig (Gdańsk). His father is said to have been a refugee merchant from Poland. He studied at the Gymnasium in Brzeg (Brieg), and at the Albertina. At Herborn Academy he studied under Johannes Heinrich Alsted and Johannes Bisterfeld.〔M. M. Slaughter, ''Universal Languages and Scientific Taxonomy in the Seventeenth Century'' (2010), p. 232; (Google Books ).〕 He was briefly at the University of Cambridge, supported by John Preston.〔Andrew Pyle (editor), ''Dictionary of Seventeenth-Century British Philosophers'' (2000), article ''Hartlib, Samuel'', pp. 393–5. However, Hartlib does not seem to have formally studied at Cambridge: there is no mention of him in Venn, J. & J. A., ''Alumni Cantabrigienses'', 10 vols, 1922–58.〕 Hartlib met the Scottish preacher John Dury in 1628; the same year Hartlib relocated to England, in the face of the prospect of being caught in a war zone, as Imperial armies moved into the western parts of Poland, and the chance of intervention by Sweden grew. He first unsuccessfully established a school in line with his theories of education, in Chichester, and then lived in Duke's Place, London.〔Hugh Trevor-Roper, ''Religion, the Reformation and Social Change'' (1967), p. 249.〕 An early patron was John Williams, the bishop of Lincoln and hostile to William Laud.〔Hugh Trevor-Roper, ''From Counter-Reformation to Glorious Revolution'' (1992), p. 256.〕 Another supporter was John Pym; Pym would use Hartlib later, as a go-between with Dutch Calvinists in London, in an effort to dig up evidence against Laud.〔Hugh Trevor-Roper, ''From Counter-Reformation to Glorious Revolution'' (1992), p. 257.〕〔Ole Peter Grell, ''Dutch Calvinists in Early Stuart London: The Dutch Church in Austin Friars, 1603–1642'' (1989), p. 245.〕 It is Hugh Trevor-Roper's thesis, in his essay ''Three Foreigners'' (meaning Hartlib, Dury and the absent Comenius), that Hartlib and the others were the "philosophers" of the "country party" or anti-court grouping of the 1630s and early 1640s, who united in their support for these outside voices, if agreeing on little else.〔Hugh Trevor-Roper, ''From Counter-Reformation to Glorious Revolution'' (1992), pp. 237 to 293, especially p. 258.〕〔(''Three Foreigners'' ), online text.〕 During the Civil War, Hartlib occupied himself with the peaceful study of agriculture, publishing various works by himself, and printing at his own expense several treatises by others on the subject. He planned a school for the sons of gentlemen, to be conducted on new principles, and this probably was the occasion of his friend John Milton's ''Tractate on Education'', addressed to him in 1644, and of William Petty's ''Two Letters'' on the same subject, in 1647 and 1648.〔 Another associate of his in that period was Walter Blith, a noted writer on husbandry.〔ODNB entry: (Retrieved 2 September 2011. Subscription required. )〕 For his various labours, Hartlib received a pension of £100 from Oliver Cromwell, afterwards increased to £300, as he had spent all his fortune on his experiments. But Hartlib died in poverty: Samuel Pepys in 1660 noted that Hartlib's daughter Nan was fortunate to have found a rich husband, since she was penniless.〔''Pepys' Diary'' 1 July 1660〕 His association with Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth resulted in him being sidelined after Charles II's Restoration. He lost his pension, which had already fallen into arrears. Some of his correspondents went as far as to ask for their letters from his archive, fearing that they could be compromised.〔〔Lisa Jardine, ''On a Grander Scale: the outstanding career of Sir Christopher Wren'' (2002), p. 88.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Samuel Hartlib」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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